refactor: update kmeans examples with better plots
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@@ -3,16 +3,20 @@ Use k-means to try to match handwritten digits and see if changing the parameter
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results in better recognition.
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- This is an example of an unsupervised ML algorithm
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- it has no labels on the training data
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- it has no labels in the training data
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- it discovers the structure on its own
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- thus the cluster numbers are arbitrary and do not correspond to the class labels
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Takaway:
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- Hier ist k-means nicht der beste algorithmus, weil die Daten nicht in schön kugelförmig
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verteilten Clustern angeordnet sind und k-means Mühe hat die Centroiden sauber zu bestimmen.
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"""
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from sklearn import datasets
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from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
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from sklearn import metrics
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from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
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from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
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# get the digits dataset
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@@ -34,10 +38,18 @@ print(metrics.completeness_score(digits.target, kmeans.labels_))
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print(metrics.adjusted_rand_score(digits.target, kmeans.labels_))
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print(metrics.silhouette_score(digits.data, kmeans.labels_))
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# Wikipedia:
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# PCA (Principal Component Analysis) finds the directions in your data with
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# the most variance and projects everything onto those axes.
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#
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# Irgendwas mit Eigenvektoren und Kovarianz Matrix, TODO: Anschauen
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# Transformiert 64 dimensionalen Vektor möglichst gut in eine 2D Projektion
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pca = PCA(n_components=2)
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X2d = pca.fit_transform(digits.data)
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centroids2d = pca.transform(kmeans.cluster_centers_)
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# Punktewolke plotten und Centroiden einzeichnen, tab10 gibt 10 versch. Farben für die Legende
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# Hier sieht man grosse überlappung zwischen den Clustern -> ein Hinweis, das K-Means nicht optimal ist?
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plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
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scatter = plt.scatter(X2d[:, 0], X2d[:, 1], c=kmeans.labels_, cmap='tab10', s=10, alpha=0.6)
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plt.scatter(centroids2d[:, 0], centroids2d[:, 1], c='red', marker='X', s=200, edgecolors='black')
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@@ -47,14 +59,11 @@ plt.title('K-Means on Digits (PCA projection)')
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plt.colorbar(scatter, label='Cluster')
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plt.savefig('kmeans_digits.png', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
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# Centroiden als 8x8 Bild darstellen, indem man das "durchschnittliche zeichen" um das Zentrum plottet
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# Dieser plot zeigt was die K-Means "gelernt" hat, man sieht die Zuweisung von Cluster zu Zahl sofort
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fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 5, figsize=(10, 4))
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for i, ax in enumerate(axes.flat):
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ax.imshow(kmeans.cluster_centers_[i].reshape(8, 8), cmap='gray_r')
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ax.set_title(f'Cluster {i}')
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ax.axis('off')
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fig.savefig('kmeans_digits_centroids.png', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
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"""
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Takaway:
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- Hier ist k-means nicht der richtige algorithmus, weil die Daten nicht schön kugelförmig verteilt sind und sich nicht gut clustern lassen.
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"""
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@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=3)
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# fit auf daten
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kmeans.fit(iris.data)
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# gegenüberstellung gold standard vs prediction
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# Gegenüberstellung gold standard vs prediction
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print("gold standard vs. prediction")
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for target_label, predicted_label in zip(iris.target, kmeans.labels_):
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print(f"{target_label} -> {predicted_label}")
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@@ -41,12 +41,13 @@ print(metrics.completeness_score(iris.target, kmeans.labels_))
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print(metrics.adjusted_rand_score(iris.target, kmeans.labels_))
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print(metrics.silhouette_score(iris.data, kmeans.labels_))
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# plot vorbereiten
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# plot vorbereiten (Idee von kmeans digits)
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# Transformation 4D nach 2D via Projektionsfit
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pca = PCA(n_components=2)
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X2d = pca.fit_transform(iris.data)
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centroids2d = pca.transform(kmeans.cluster_centers_)
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# plot
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# plotten der Punktewolke und einzeichnen der Centroiden
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plt.scatter(X2d[:, 0], X2d[:, 1], c=kmeans.labels_, cmap="viridis", s=30, alpha=0.7)
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plt.scatter(
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centroids2d[:, 0], centroids2d[:, 1], c="red", marker="X", s=200, edgecolors="black"
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